Motor Neuron Disease

Motor Neuron Disease - Causes and Risk Factors

Motor Neuron Disease - Diagnosis

MND is difficult to diagnose because there is no specific blood test or scan for the condition. Neurologists rely on physical examinations, information supplied by the patient on their symptoms and the exclusion of other possible causes for the patient’s neurological symptoms.

Motor Neuron Disease - Preparing for surgery

Motor Neuron Disease - Post-surgery care

Article contributed by Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute

The information provided is not intended as medical advice. Terms of use. Information provided by SingHealth

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Jocelyn Chan, Jason Cher Wei Loon, Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan, Chee Seong Raymond Seet, Hock Luen Teoh, \u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, Leong Litt Leonard Yeo. Antiplatelets or anticoagulants? Secondary prevention in Cervical artery dissection\u0026#58; An updated meta-analysis. Neurological Research and Practice. 2022 Jun 13; 4(1)\u0026#58; 23.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eIsabel Siow, Cheun Chan Yee, Kay Ng, \u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, Alison Ng, Jonathan Ong, Anslem Mak, Amanda Chan. Toxic exposure in a clinical pathology laboratory as a potential occupational health hazard causing small fiber neuropathy. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Safety 2022; 6(1); 9-13.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eLim Jin Xi\u003cstrong\u003e, Joy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, Sandeep Sebastian. Normative value of the cross-sectional are of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel inlet and distal forearm in the Singapore population. Journal of Hand Surgery (Asia Pacific). 2022; 27(04)\u0026#58; 649-655.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eDeepak Mohan, \u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, John-Philip Lawo, Orell Mieke, Mylan Ngo, James Dela Cruz, Vera Bril. Duration and temporal dispersion measurements in CIDP subjects from the Polyneuropathy and Treatment with Hizentra (PATH) study. RRNMF Neuromuscular Journal 2021;2(3)\u0026#58;27-34.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, Deepak Mohan, Carolina Barnett, Hans Katzberg, Leif Erik Lovblom, Vera Bril. Clinical profile and impact of comorbidities in patients with very-late onset myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 2021 Oct; 64(4)\u0026#58; 462-466.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eJasmin Shimin Koh, Yihui Goh, Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan, Andrew Che-Fai Hui, Rebecca Hui Min Hoe, Andrew Makmur, Pin Lin Kei, \u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, Kay Wei Ping Ng, Amy May Lin Quek, Umapathi Thirugnanm. Neuralgic amyotrophy following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. QJM 2021Aug 4\u0026#58;hcab216.doi\u0026#58;10.1093/qjmed/hcab216.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eLee PY, Oen KQX, Lim GRS, Hartono JL, Muthiah M, Huang DQ, Teo FSH, Li AY, Mak A, Chandran NS, Tan CL, Yang P, Tai ES, Ng KWP, \u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Chan YC, Tan LL, Lee MB, Chua HR, Hong WZ, Yap ES, Lim DK, Yuen YS, Chan YH, Aminkeng F, Wong ASC, Huang Y, Tay SH. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts development of immune-related adverse events and outcomes from immune checkpoint blockade\u0026#58; A case-control study. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Mar 15;13(6)\u0026#58;1308.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eDeepak Menon, Sara Alnajjar, Carolina Barnett, \u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, Hans Katzberg, Davood Fathi, Monica Alcantara, Vera Bril. Telephonic consultation for Myasthenia Gravis Care during the COVID-19 pandemic\u0026#58; assessment of a novel virtual myasthenia gravis index. Muscle Nerve 2021 Apr 1.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eYihui Goh, Benjamin Yong Qiang Tan, Nicole Ya-Yuan Chong, Margaret Ma, Manjari Lahiri, Andrew Makmur, Yee Cheun Chan, Soon Booon Justin Wong, \u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e. D-penicillamine in Wilson\u0027s disease\u0026#58; recognizing the transition from benefit to harm. eNeurologicalSci. 2021 Feb 15; 23\u0026#58;100328.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFaith Huiwen See, Yihui Goh, Ching-Hui Sia, Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan, Leonard Leong Yeo, \u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, Ahmad Aftab. A Brain-Heart Interaction\u0026#58; Bickerstaff\u0027s brainstem encephalitis with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. QJM 2020 July 8 doi\u0026#58;10.1093 (Online ahead of print).\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eSumanth Shivaram, Madhu Nagappa, Ravi Anadurai, BN Nandeesh, Yasha T Chickabasaviah, \u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, Sanjib Sinha, Arun B Taly et al. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome- A neurologist\u0027s perspective.\u0026#160; Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology DOI\u0026#58; 10.4103/aian (Online ahead of print)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eChong Ya Yuan Nicole, Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan, \u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan.\u003c/strong\u003e Functional decline in an elderly\u0026#58; Connecting the dots to reach the diagnosis. American Journal of Medicine. 2020; 133(4)\u0026#58; 432-433.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eMay MeiQi Liau, Soong Hui Natalie tan, Tan Lixian Chris, \u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, Nisha Suyien Chandran. Facial ulceration in stroke\u0026#58; an usual and lesser known complication described by Wallenberg. Neurology 2017; 90\u0026#58; e1448-e1449.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eSundar R, Bandla A, Tan SS, Liao LD, Kumarakulasinghe NB, Jeyasekharan AD, Ow SG, Lim JS, \u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Therimadasamy AK, Hairom Z, Ang E, Thakor NV, Lee SC, Wilder-Smith EP. Limb hypothermia for preventing Paclitaxwl-induced peripheral neuropathy in breast cancer patients\u0026#58; A pilot study. Front Oncol. 2017 Jan 10;6\u0026#58;274.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eChandra B, \u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Yuki N, Therimadasamy A, Wilder-Smith E. Clinical reasoning\u0026#58; Temporal profile of inflammatory neuropathies\u0026#58; Beginning to make sense of the uncertainties. Neurology 2016 Oct 18;87(16)\u0026#58; e182-e188.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eSamarawickrama D, Therimadasamy AK, Chan YC, \u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Wilder-Smith EP. Nerve ultrasound in electrophysiologically verified Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2015 Nov 12.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eLeonard LL Yeo, Rahul Rathakrishnan, \u003cstrong\u003eVijayan Joy\u003c/strong\u003e, Aravinda T Kannan, Einar Wilder-Smith. Localizing median neuropathies\u0026#58; the role of different investigations. Annals of Academy of Medicine Singapore 2015; 44\u0026#58; 9.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Chan YC, Therimadasamy A, Wilder-Smith EP. Role of combined B-mode and Doppler sonography in evaluating neurolymphomatosis. Neurology 2015 Sep 1; 85(9)\u0026#58; 752-5.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Sharma VK. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension- management update and role of droxidopa. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 8\u0026#58; 915-23.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVijayan, J\u003c/strong\u003e, Sharma VK; Cerebral Venous Thrombosis\u0026#58; A path less travelled and making a difference. Brain Disorders and Therapy; 2014 (accepted for publication)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, Chuen YC, Punzalan AM, Wilder-Smith EP. A 27-year old man with hand numbness\u0026#58; Exploring new horizons and reinventing the past. Neurology 2014 March11; 82(10)\u0026#58;e80-4.\u0026#160;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"22\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, Therimadasamy AK, Chan YC, Wilder-Smith EP. Combined Doppler and B-mode sonography in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. J Neurological Sciences 2011 Sept 15;308(1-2)\u0026#58; 16-20.3.\u0026#160;\u0026#160;\u0026#160; \u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"23\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eEsther ST Ng, \u003cstrong\u003eJoy Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, AK Therimadasamy, TC Tan, YC Chan, A Lim, EW Smith. The added value of Pre-operative ultrasonography of the ulnar nerve\u0026#58; an observational study. Muscle and Nerve 2010; 42 (4)\u0026#58; 613-614.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"24\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJ Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, MLS Tai, A Ahmad, VK Sharma. An unhappy patient following successful sonothrombolysis in Vertebrobasilar thrombosis\u0026#58; Dilemma with final diagnosis. Journal of Neuroimaging 2011; 21 (2)\u0026#58; e173-e176.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"25\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eES Ng, \u003cstrong\u003eJ Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, AK Therimadasamy, TC Tan, YC Chan, A Lim, E Wilder-Smith. High resolution ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ulnar nerve lesions with particular reference to post-traumatic lesions and sites outside the elbow. Clinical Neurophysiology 2011; 122(1)\u0026#58; 188-93.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"26\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eDK Prashantha, AB Taly, S Sinha, TC Yasha, N Gayathri, JME Kovur, \u003cstrong\u003eJ Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e. Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy with muscle wasting, vitreous, leptomeningeal and cardiac involvement\u0026#58; Phenotypic, pathological and MRI description. Ann Indian Academy of Neurology 2010; 13(2) 142-144.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"27\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, NG ST, Therimadasamy AK, Titus L, Wilder-Smith EP. A 54 year women with hand dysesthesia\u0026#58; many dimensions to a common problem. Neurology 2009; 73\u0026#58; e68-e72.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"28\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Therimadasamy AK, Teoh HL, Chan YC, Wilder-Smith EP. Sonography as an aid in diagnosing Tarsal tunnel syndrome. Am J Phy Med Rehab. 2009 Jun; 88(6)\u0026#58; 500-1.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"29\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Therimadasamy AK, Chan C, Wilder-Smith EP. Diagnostic utility of ultrasound in Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome. Archives of Neurology 2009; 66(7)\u0026#58; 902-903.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"30\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eC Shyambabu, S Sinha, AB Taly, \u003cstrong\u003eJ Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, JME Kovoor. Serum B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia\u0026#58; A reversible cause of acute chorea, cerebellar ataxia in an adult with cerebral ischaemia. J Neurological Sciences 2008; 273\u0026#58; 152-154.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"31\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eMani RS, Yasha TC, Nagarathna S, Chandramukhi A, Shivprakash MR, \u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Prasantha DK, Pillai SV, Natarajan A, Kovoor J. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Scytalidium dimidiatum\u0026#58; a case report from India. Medical Mycology 2008; 46\u0026#58; 705-711.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"32\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJ Vijayan\u003c/strong\u003e, S Sinha, S Ravishankar, AB Taly. MR imaging in multiple system atrophy\u0026#58; Its role in \u0026quot;splitting\u0026#58; Parkinsonism. Ann Indian Academy of Neurology 2008; 11(4)\u0026#58; 257-258.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"33\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eKarkare K, Sinha S, Ravishankar S, Gayathri N, Yasha TC, Goyal MK, \u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Vannirajan A, Thangaraj K, Taly AB. Epilepsia partialis continua in mitochondrial dysfunction\u0026#58; Interesting phenotypic and MRI Observations. Ann Indian Academy of Neurology 2008; 11\u0026#58; 193-96\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"34\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003ePraveen Kumar S, Sinha S, Taly AB, Jayasree S, Ravi V, \u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Ravishankar. Electroencephalographic and imaging profile in a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) cohort\u0026#58; a correlative study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007; 118(9)\u0026#58; 1947-54.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"35\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003eKarkare K, Sinha S, Ravishankar S, Gayathri N, Yasha TC, Goyal MK, \u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Vannirajan A, Thangaraj K, Taly AB. Epilepsia partialis continua in mitochondrial dysfunction\u0026#58; Interesting phenotypic and MRI Observations. Ann Indian Academy of Neurology 2008; 11\u0026#58; 193-96.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003col start=\"36\" style=\"list-style-type\u0026#58;decimal;\"\u003e\u003cli\u003ePraveen KS, Sinha S, Chandrasekhar HS, \u003cstrong\u003eVijayan J\u003c/strong\u003e, Taly AB. Sporadic onset Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease\u0026#58; Interesting MRI observations. 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